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AP MacroeconomicsMoney & Monetary Policy

Lender of Last Resort

A lender of last resort is a central bank that supplies emergency liquidity to solvent banks during a panic to stop bank runs from spreading.

When a bank cannot borrow in normal markets during a crisis, the central bank (the Fed, via the discount window) lends to it to prevent a liquidity shortage from triggering broader failures. The goal is financial stability — halting contagion — not bailing out insolvent firms. This function complements deposit insurance in preventing bank panics.

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